Ward Van Roy

Dr. Ward Van Roy has worked with the Belgian Coastguard aerial surveillance program since 2008. Since 2015 he has developed airborne measurement methods to monitor ship compliance with MARPOL Annex VI (NOx and SOx) and introduced black carbon measurements on the Coastguard aircraft. Since 2026 he is responsible for the air quality and ship emission monitoring operations with the research vessel Belgica. His work supports maritime authorities in addressing air pollution in the Belgian North Sea. He also co-convenes the Bonn Agreement MARPOL Annex VI Working Group, is a member of the RBINS scientific diving team, and supports MARECO with underwater noise measurements.

Publications

7444217 XGHL5S55 Van+Roy 1 apa 50 date desc year 1 5745 https://mareco-odnature.naturalsciences.be/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/

%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P2TB2WRT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Merveille%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282024%29.%20Policy%20recommendations%20for%20international%20regulations%20addressing%20air%20pollution%20from%20ships.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMarine%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B159%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20105913.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105913%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105913%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Policy%20recommendations%20for%20international%20regulations%20addressing%20air%20pollution%20from%20ships%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merveille%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Since%202015%2C%20Belgium%20has%20undertaken%20remote%20measurement%20activities%20to%20monitor%20SO2%20and%20NOx%20emissions%20from%20ships%20to%20single%20out%20ships%20for%20on-board%20inspections%20in%20ports.%20One%20of%20the%20main%20challenges%20in%20enhancing%20the%20enforcement%20capabilities%20revolves%20around%20using%20these%20remote%20measurements%20as%20legal%20evidence.%20Previous%20studies%20have%20demonstrated%20that%20when%20an%20appropriate%20measurement%20uncertainty%20is%20taken%20into%20account%2C%20remote%20measurements%20can%20provide%20scientifically%20reliable%20evidence%20to%20verify%20compliance%20to%20fuel%20sulphur%20standards%20%28FSC%29%20and%20even%20to%20NOx%20emission%20limits%20described%20by%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI.%20Nonetheless%2C%20remote%20SO2%20and%20NOx%20measurements%20have%20so%20far%20not%20been%20used%20for%20direct%20legal%20action.%20In%20the%20first%20section%20of%20this%20article%2C%20the%20potential%20use%20of%20these%20remote%20measurements%20as%20legal%20evidence%20within%20international%20and%20national%20legal%20instruments%20is%20examined.%20Furthermore%2C%20while%20there%20are%20guidelines%20to%20enforce%20compliance%20with%20FSC%20standards%20in%20port%2C%20there%20are%20currently%20no%20recognized%20methods%20to%20enforce%20real-world%20NOx%20emissions%20at%20sea.%20In%20this%20context%2C%20standardized%20remote%20measurement%20procedures%20could%20potentially%20become%20a%20valuable%20tool%20in%20combination%20with%20specific%20vessel%20data%20%28keel%20laying%20year%2C%20engine%20rated%20speed%2C%20power%2C%20%5Cu2026%29%2C%20in%20establishing%20an%20enforcement%20mechanism%20for%20NOx.%20This%20would%20require%20specific%20changes%20to%20the%20current%20NOx%20regulations.%20Within%20the%20Bonn%20Agreement%2C%20the%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20Working%20Groups%20identified%20certain%20regulatory%20gaps%20that%20need%20to%20be%20addressed%20in%20order%20to%20effectively%20reduce%20emissions%20from%20ships%20and%20improve%20enforcement%20capacity.%20In%20the%20second%20part%20of%20this%20article%20a%20critical%20analysis%20of%20these%20recommendations%20and%20the%20results%20of%20these%20discussions%20towards%20new%20regulations%20is%20presented.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-01-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105913%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0308597X23004463%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220308-597X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A21%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226V73N9XE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Merveille%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282023%29.%20Current%20progress%20in%20developing%20a%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20enforcement%20strategy%20in%20the%20Bonn%20Agreement%20through%20remote%20measurements.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMarine%20Policy%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B158%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20105882.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105882%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105882%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Current%20progress%20in%20developing%20a%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20enforcement%20strategy%20in%20the%20Bonn%20Agreement%20through%20remote%20measurements%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merveille%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20harmful%20environmental%20and%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20air%20pollution%20from%20ships%20are%20widely%20acknowledged%2C%20leading%20to%20their%20regulation%20under%20IMO%5Cu2019s%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%2C%20setting%20limits%20on%20the%20emission%20of%20SOx%20and%20NOx%20from%20ships.%20This%20article%20provides%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20current%20progress%20made%20by%20the%20Bonn%20Agreement%20%28BA%29%20in%20adopting%20a%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20monitoring%20strategy.%20In%202019%2C%20the%20North%20Sea%20Ministers%20of%20the%20parties%20of%20the%20BA%20formally%20agreed%20to%20include%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20within%20the%20jurisdiction%20of%20the%20BA.%20Through%20cooperation%20on%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20enforcement%20at%20sea%2C%20the%20BA%20aims%20to%20attain%20a%20significant%20decrease%20in%20air%20pollution%20violations%2C%20similar%20to%20the%20accomplished%20outcomes%20observed%20in%20the%20past%20three%20decades%20regarding%20oil%20pollution.%20Subsequently%2C%20in%202021%2C%20a%20BA%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20expert%20workshop%20was%20convened%2C%20which%20identified%20a%20series%20of%20action%20points.%20To%20effectively%20address%20these%20action%20points%2C%20two%20working%20groups%20%28WGs%29%20were%20established%3A%20the%20Strategic%20Operational%20WG%20and%20the%20Technical%20WG.%20The%20primary%20objective%20of%20the%20WGs%20is%20the%20exchange%20of%20best%20practices%2C%20monitoring%20outcomes%20and%20the%20harmonization%20of%20enforcement%20practices%20among%20the%20Parties%20of%20the%20BA%2C%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20implementing%20an%20efficient%20monitoring%20and%20enforcement%20strategy%20within%20the%20BA.%20The%20BA%20has%20recognized%20that%20remote%20monitoring%20operations%20play%20a%20pivotal%20role%20within%20this%20strategy.%20This%20article%20explores%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20remote%20measurements%20can%20contribute%20to%20the%20development%20of%20a%20regional%20enforcement%20strategy%20for%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20within%20the%20framework%20of%20the%20BA.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-12-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marpol.2023.105882%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0308597X23004153%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220308-597X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A21%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227LE8IRLY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Riess%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRiess%2C%20T.%20C.%20V.%20W.%2C%20Boersma%2C%20K.%20F.%2C%20Van%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20de%20Laat%2C%20J.%2C%20Dammers%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20van%20Vliet%2C%20J.%20%282023%29.%20To%20new%20heights%20by%20flying%20low%3A%20comparison%20of%20aircraft%20vertical%20NO%26lt%3Bsub%26gt%3B2%26lt%3B%5C%2Fsub%26gt%3B%20profiles%20to%20model%20simulations%20and%20implications%20for%20TROPOMI%20NO%26lt%3Bsub%26gt%3B2%26lt%3B%5C%2Fsub%26gt%3B%20retrievals.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B16%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2821%29%2C%205287%26%23x2013%3B5304.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-16-5287-2023%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-16-5287-2023%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22To%20new%20heights%20by%20flying%20low%3A%20comparison%20of%20aircraft%20vertical%20NO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20profiles%20to%20model%20simulations%20and%20implications%20for%20TROPOMI%20NO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20retrievals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tobias%20Christoph%20Valentin%20Werner%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riess%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Klaas%20Folkert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boersma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jos%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Laat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Enrico%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dammers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jasper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Vliet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20sensitivity%20of%20satellites%20to%20air%20pollution%20close%20to%20the%20sea%20surface%20is%20decreased%20by%20the%20scattering%20of%20light%20in%20the%20atmosphere%20and%20low%20sea%20surface%20albedo.%20To%20reliably%20retrieve%20tropospheric%20nitrogen%20dioxide%20%28NO2%29%20columns%20using%20the%20TROPOspheric%20Monitoring%20Instrument%20%28TROPOMI%29%2C%20it%20is%20therefore%20necessary%20to%20have%20good%20a%20priori%20knowledge%20of%20the%20vertical%20distribution%20of%20NO2.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20use%20an%20aircraft%20of%20the%20Royal%20Belgian%20Institute%20of%20Natural%20Sciences%20equipped%20with%20a%20sniffer%20sensor%20system%20to%20measure%20NOx%20%28%3D%20NO%20%2B%20NO2%29%2C%20CO2%20and%20SO2.%20This%20instrumentation%20enabled%20us%20to%20evaluate%20vertical%20profile%20shapes%20from%20several%20chemical%20transport%20models%20and%20to%20validate%20TROPOMI%20tropospheric%20NO2%20columns%20over%20the%20polluted%20North%20Sea%20in%20the%20summer%20of%202021.%20The%20aircraft%20sensor%20observes%20multiple%20clear%20signatures%20of%20ship%20plumes%20from%20seconds%20after%20emission%20to%20multiple%20kilometers%20downwind.%20Besides%20that%2C%20our%20results%20show%20that%20the%20chemical%20transport%20model%20Transport%20Model%205%2C%20Massively%20Parallel%20version%20%28TM5-MP%29%2C%20which%20is%20used%20in%20the%20retrieval%20of%20the%20operational%20TROPOMI%20NO2%20data%2C%20tends%20to%20underestimate%20surface%20level%20pollution%20%5Cu2013%20especially%20under%20conditions%20without%20land%20outflow%20%5Cu2013%20while%20overestimating%20NO2%20at%20higher%20levels%20over%20the%20study%20region.%20The%20higher%20horizontal%20resolution%20in%20the%20regional%20CAMS%20%28Copernicus%20Atmosphere%20Monitoring%20Service%29%20ensemble%20mean%20and%20the%20LOTOS-EUROS%20%28Long%20Term%20Ozone%20Simulation%20European%20Operational%20Smog%29%20model%20improves%20the%20surface%20level%20pollution%20estimates.%20However%2C%20the%20models%20still%20systematically%20overestimate%20NO2%20levels%20at%20higher%20altitudes%2C%20indicating%20exaggerated%20vertical%20mixing%20and%20overall%20too%20much%20NO2%20in%20the%20models%20over%20the%20North%20Sea.%20When%20replacing%20the%20TM5%20a%20priori%20NO2%20profiles%20with%20the%20aircraft-measured%20NO2%20profiles%20in%20the%20air%20mass%20factor%20%28AMF%29%20calculation%2C%20we%20find%20smaller%20recalculated%20AMFs.%20Subsequently%2C%20the%20retrieved%20NO2%20columns%20increase%20by%2020%20%25%2C%20indicating%20a%20significant%20negative%20bias%20in%20the%20operational%20TROPOMI%20NO2%20data%20product%20%28up%20to%20v2.3.1%29%20over%20the%20North%20Sea.%20This%20negative%20bias%20has%20important%20implications%20for%20estimating%20emissions%20over%20the%20sea.%20While%20TROPOMI%20NO2%20negative%20biases%20caused%20by%20the%20TM5%20a%20priori%20profiles%20have%20also%20been%20reported%20over%20land%2C%20the%20reduced%20vertical%20mixing%20and%20smaller%20surface%20albedo%20over%20sea%20make%20this%20issue%20especially%20relevant%20over%20sea%20and%20coastal%20regions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-08%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Famt-16-5287-2023%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Famt.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F16%5C%2F5287%5C%2F2023%5C%2F%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221867-1381%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A22%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F8EXTNMT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-10-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Vigin%2C%20L.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Merveille%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20Weigelt%2C%20A.%2C%20Mellqvist%2C%20J.%2C%20Van%20Vliet%2C%20J.%2C%20van%20Dinther%2C%20D.%2C%20Beecken%2C%20J.%2C%20Tack%2C%20F.%2C%20Theys%2C%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282023%29.%20International%20maritime%20regulation%20decreases%20sulfur%20dioxide%20but%20increases%20nitrogen%20oxide%20emissions%20in%20the%20North%20and%20Baltic%20Sea.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCommunications%20Earth%20%26amp%3B%20Environment%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20391.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-01050-7%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-01050-7%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22International%20maritime%20regulation%20decreases%20sulfur%20dioxide%20but%20increases%20nitrogen%20oxide%20emissions%20in%20the%20North%20and%20Baltic%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vigin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merveille%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andreas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weigelt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mellqvist%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jasper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Vliet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Danielle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Dinther%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jorg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beecken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frederik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicolas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Theys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sulfur%20dioxide%20and%20nitrogen%20oxide%20emissions%20from%20shipping%20have%20been%20regulated%20internationally%20for%20more%20than%20fifteen%20years.%20Emissions%20reduction%20from%20shipping%20provides%20benefits%20for%20human%20health%20and%20the%20environment%2C%20but%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20regulations%20in%20reducing%20ship%20emissions%20is%20less%20well%20understood.%20Here%2C%20we%20examine%20how%20the%20establishment%20of%20European%20Emission%20Control%20Areas%20and%20other%20international%20maritime%20regulations%20in%20the%20North%20and%20Baltic%20Seas%20affect%20sulfur%20dioxide%20and%20nitrogen%20oxide%20emissions%20in%20the%20region.%20We%20combine%20and%20analyze%20more%20than%20110%2C000%20ship%20plume%20measurements%2C%20inspection%20results%2C%20and%20satellite%20data%20from%202018%20to%202022.%20We%20find%20that%20compliance%20rates%20for%20sulfur%20emissions%20are%20higher%20near%20ports%20than%20in%20open%20waters.%20However%2C%20the%20regulations%20did%20not%20affect%20the%20concentration%20of%20nitrogen%20oxide%20emissions%2C%20which%20increased%20in%20the%20past%20three%20years.%20These%20findings%20highlight%20the%20need%20for%20enhanced%20emission%20regulations%20that%20improve%20air%20quality.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-10-26%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs43247-023-01050-7%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs43247-023-01050-7%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222662-4435%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-01-12T13%3A21%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224IDTCPXI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Merveille%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282023%29.%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Effect%20of%20International%20Maritime%20Regulations%20on%20Air%20Quality%20in%20the%20Southern%20North%20Sea.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmosphere%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20969.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos14060969%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos14060969%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Assessment%20of%20the%20Effect%20of%20International%20Maritime%20Regulations%20on%20Air%20Quality%20in%20the%20Southern%20North%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merveille%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Air%20pollution%20is%20a%20leading%20cause%20of%20death%20worldwide%2C%20and%20it%20has%20a%20profound%20impact%20on%20the%20planet%5Cu2019s%20climate%20and%20ecosystems.%20A%20substantial%20portion%20of%20air%20pollution%20is%20attributable%20to%20Ocean%20Going%20Vessels%20%28OGVs%29.%20In%20light%20of%20this%2C%20international%20regulations%20have%20been%20put%20in%20place%20to%20mitigate%20air%20pollutant%20emissions%20from%20OGVs.%20While%20studies%20have%20indicated%20that%20these%20regulations%20can%20create%20significant%20health%2C%20environmental%2C%20and%20economic%20benefits%2C%20there%20remains%20a%20research%20gap%20regarding%20their%20specific%20impact%20on%20enhancing%20air%20quality.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20investigate%20how%20the%20implemented%20regulations%20have%20affected%20air%20quality%20in%20the%20Southern%20North%20Sea.%20The%20study%20found%20that%20the%20international%20regulations%20on%20ship%20emissions%20have%20successfully%20led%20to%20a%20decline%20in%20SO2%20emissions%20from%20OGVs%20in%20the%20Southern%20North%20Sea%2C%20which%20resulted%20in%20a%20reduction%20of%20ambient%20SO2%20concentrations%20inland%2C%20leading%20to%20positive%20effects%20on%20public%20health%20and%20the%20environment.%20However%2C%20the%20proportion%20of%20shipping%5Cu2019s%20contribution%20to%20SO2%20emissions%20is%20projected%20to%20increase%20in%20the%20future.%20Moreover%2C%20the%20study%20revealed%20that%20the%20use%20of%20Exhaust%20Gas%20Cleaning%20Systems%20%28EGCS%29%20presents%20significant%20concerns.%20They%20were%20more%20frequently%20found%20to%20be%20non-compliant%2C%20and%2C%20more%20alarmingly%2C%20they%20emit%20higher%20mean%20levels%20of%20SO2.%20It%20also%20emerged%20that%20international%20regulations%20in%20the%20southern%20North%20Sea%20have%20less%20of%20an%20impact%20on%20the%20reduction%20of%20NOx%20emissions%20from%20OGVs%20than%20expected%2C%20which%20is%20all%20the%20more%20important%20given%20that%20NOx%20emissions%20from%20OGVs%20are%20expected%20to%20account%20for%2040%25%20of%20the%20total%20domestic%20NOx%20emissions%20for%20the%20northern%20region%20of%20Belgium%20by%202030.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F6%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fatmos14060969%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2073-4433%5C%2F14%5C%2F6%5C%2F969%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222073-4433%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A21%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22D8MECVZZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Merveille%2C%20J.-B.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282023%29.%20The%20Role%20of%20Belgian%20Airborne%20Sniffer%20Measurements%20in%20the%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20Enforcement%20Chain.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmosphere%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20623.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos14040623%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos14040623%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Role%20of%20Belgian%20Airborne%20Sniffer%20Measurements%20in%20the%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20Enforcement%20Chain%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merveille%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Royal%20Belgian%20Institute%20of%20Natural%20Sciences%20launched%20its%20airborne%20sniffer%20program%20in%202015%20whereby%20a%20custom-built%20sniffer%20sensor%20was%20installed%20onboard%20the%20Belgian%20coastguard%20aircraft%20enabling%20the%20measurement%20of%20SO2%20and%20NOx%20emitted%20by%20ocean-going%20vessels%20%28OGVs%29.%20The%20data%20gathered%20on%20non-compliant%20OGVs%20were%20subsequently%20sent%20to%20port%20inspection%20authorities%2C%20who%20were%20then%20able%20to%20trigger%20inspections%20more%20rapidly%20than%20had%20they%20not%20had%20the%20data%20from%20the%20aircraft.%20This%20study%20reveals%20the%20added%20value%20of%20airborne%20alerts%20on%20port%20inspection%20effectiveness%2C%20a%20subject%20that%20had%20not%20been%20previously%20documented.%20This%20article%20demonstrates%20that%20airborne%20alerts%20have%20not%20only%20led%20to%20increased%20sanctions%20but%20have%20also%20drastically%20improved%20the%20efficiency%20of%20port%20inspection%20authorities%2C%20leading%20to%20a%2050%25%20reduction%20in%20the%20enforcement%20cost%20per%20confirmed%20violation.%20Port%20inspection%20authorities%20were%20able%20to%20follow%20up%20on%2046%25%20of%20the%20generated%20Fuel%20Sulphur%20Content%20%28FSC%29%20alerts.%20Of%20the%20alerts%20that%20were%20followed%20up%2C%2043%25%20were%20confirmed%20as%20non-compliant%20after%20inspection.%20This%20means%20that%2020%25%20of%20the%20total%20number%20of%20generated%20airborne%20alerts%2C%20which%20includes%20those%20that%20were%20not%20able%20to%20be%20followed%20up%2C%20met%20conditions%20for%20legal%20sanctioning.%20In%20contrast%2C%20for%20NOx%20alerts%2C%20only%20limited%20follow-ups%20were%20conducted%20by%20port%20inspection%20authorities.%20None%20of%20the%20alerts%20were%20confirmed%20with%20those%20inspections%2C%20mainly%20due%20to%20the%20lack%20of%20inspection%20mechanisms%20for%20real-world%20NOx%20emissions%20under%20IMO%20and%20EU%20regulations.%20In%20addition%2C%20for%20this%20study%2C%20a%20large-scale%20remote%20FSC%20measurement%20validation%20analysis%20was%20conducted%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20comparing%20airborne%20FSC%20measurements%20and%20FSC%20reference%20data.%20In%20order%20to%20obtain%20FSC%20reference%20data%2C%20onboard%20measurements%20from%20exhaust%20gas%20cleaning%20systems%20%28EGCSs%29%20were%20collected%2C%20together%20with%20fuel%20samples%20from%20Belgian%20port%20inspection%20authorities.%20The%20validation%20analysis%20revealed%20that%20the%20empiric%20deviation%20in%20the%20airborne%20FSC%20measurements%20with%20the%20FSC%20reference%20data%20was%209%25%2C%20which%20was%20significantly%20lower%20than%20the%2025%25%20uncertainty%20used%20in%20the%20reporting%20of%20the%20alerts.%20This%20study%20helps%20pave%20the%20way%20for%20an%20increased%20role%20of%20airborne%20monitoring%20in%20the%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20enforcement%20chain.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023%5C%2F4%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fatmos14040623%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2073-4433%5C%2F14%5C%2F4%5C%2F623%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222073-4433%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A21%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TMZJBHZ5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20Mellqvist%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282022%29.%20Measurement%20of%20Sulfur-Dioxide%20Emissions%20from%20Ocean-Going%20Vessels%20in%20Belgium%20Using%20Novel%20Techniques.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmosphere%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2811%29%2C%201756.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos13111756%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos13111756%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Measurement%20of%20Sulfur-Dioxide%20Emissions%20from%20Ocean-Going%20Vessels%20in%20Belgium%20Using%20Novel%20Techniques%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mellqvist%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Air%20pollutants%20emitted%20by%20ocean-going%20vessels%20%28OGVs%29%20cause%20numerous%20environmental%20and%20human%20health%20problems.%20In%202016%2C%20the%20Belgian%20Coastguard%20aircraft%20was%20equipped%20with%20a%20sniffer%20sensor%20to%20monitor%20compliance%20with%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI%20Regulation%2014.%20However%2C%20the%20sensor%20was%20susceptible%20to%20NO%20and%20Volatile%20Organic%20Compounds%20%28VOCs%29%2C%20which%20had%20a%20negative%20impact%20on%20the%20measurement%20uncertainty.%20The%20elimination%20of%20measurement%20errors%20was%20achieved%20by%20modifying%20the%20sensor%2C%20including%20among%20others%20the%20addition%20of%20a%20NOx%20sensor%20and%20a%20custom-designed%20hydrocarbon%20kicker.%20This%20resulted%20in%20a%20substantial%20improvement%20in%20the%20measurement%20quality%20and%20uncertainty%20of%20the%20derived%20Fuel%20Sulfur%20Content%20%28FSC%29.%20As%20a%20direct%20result%20of%20this%2C%20the%20reporting%20thresholds%20for%20non-compliance%20drastically%20improved.%20The%20data%20analysis%20of%20sampled%20OGVs%20showed%20that%20compliance%20levels%20notably%20improved%20between%202019%20and%202020%20%28from%2095.9%25%20to%2097.3%25%29%2C%20coinciding%20with%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20Global%20Sulfur%20Cap.%20Findings%20in%20this%20study%20have%20also%20demonstrated%20that%20OGVs%20equipped%20with%20emission%20abatement%20technology%20%28scrubbers%29%20are%20more%20susceptible%20to%20non-compliance%20with%20Regulation%2014%20of%20MARPOL%20Annex%20VI.%20Given%20these%20results%2C%20this%20article%20provides%20an%20answer%20to%20the%20question%20of%20how%20to%20monitor%20effective%20implementation%20of%20NO%20emissions%20from%20OGVs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F11%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fatmos13111756%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2073-4433%5C%2F13%5C%2F11%5C%2F1756%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222073-4433%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-13T10%3A29%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QNKMKWVT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20Vigin%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282022%29.%20Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20NOx%20emission%20regulations%20from%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmospheric%20Pollution%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%20101518.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20NOx%20emission%20regulations%20from%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vigin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Along%20the%20worldwide%20tightening%20of%20standards%20for%20sulphur%20emission%20from%20ocean%20going%20vessels%20%28OGVs%29%20come%20actions%20that%20are%20also%20being%20taken%20to%20reduce%20nitrogen%20emission.%20Particularly%2C%20as%20a%20milestone%20in%20this%20regard%2C%20on%20January%201st%2C%202021%20the%20NOx%20Emission%20Control%20Area%20%28NECA%29%20for%20the%20North%20Sea%20and%20Baltic%20Sea%20came%20into%20effect.%20In%20response%20to%20the%20newly%20established%20NECA%2C%20the%20sniffer%20sensor%20system%20on%20the%20Belgian%20coastguard%20aircraft%20was%20modified%20and%20extended%20with%20a%20NOx%20sensor.%20Moreover%2C%20a%20methodology%20was%20developed%20to%20evaluate%20OGV%20compliance%20to%20the%20NOx%20emission%20limits%20through%20in%20situ%20measurements%20of%20the%20plume%20exhaust.%20The%20quality%20and%20uncertainty%20of%20the%20measurements%20demonstrate%20that%20it%20is%20likely%20to%20achieve%20an%20effective%20compliance%20monitoring%20of%20the%20NOx%20emission%20standards%20on%20the%20sea.%20Those%20emission%20standards%20are%20further%20divided%20into%20four%20tiers%20depending%20on%20the%20keel%20laying%20date.%20As%20has%20been%20proved%20by%20the%20results%2C%20NOx%20emissions%20for%20Tier%20II%20OGVs%2C%20contrary%20to%20what%20might%20be%20expected%2C%20are%20on%20average%20higher%20than%20those%20for%20Tier%20I%20OGVs.%20What%20is%20even%20more%20problematic%2C%20Tier%20II%20OGVs%20have%20also%20more%20often%20been%20found%20to%20be%20non-compliant%20than%20Tier%20I%20OGVs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1309104222002008%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221309-1042%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A20%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KFITIGUX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20Vigin%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282022%29.%20Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20NOx%20emission%20regulations%20from%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmospheric%20Pollution%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%20101518.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20NOx%20emission%20regulations%20from%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vigin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Along%20the%20worldwide%20tightening%20of%20standards%20for%20sulphur%20emission%20from%20ocean%20going%20vessels%20%28OGVs%29%20come%20actions%20that%20are%20also%20being%20taken%20to%20reduce%20nitrogen%20emission.%20Particularly%2C%20as%20a%20milestone%20in%20this%20regard%2C%20on%20January%201st%2C%202021%20the%20NOx%20Emission%20Control%20Area%20%28NECA%29%20for%20the%20North%20Sea%20and%20Baltic%20Sea%20came%20into%20effect.%20In%20response%20to%20the%20newly%20established%20NECA%2C%20the%20sniffer%20sensor%20system%20on%20the%20Belgian%20coastguard%20aircraft%20was%20modified%20and%20extended%20with%20a%20NOx%20sensor.%20Moreover%2C%20a%20methodology%20was%20developed%20to%20evaluate%20OGV%20compliance%20to%20the%20NOx%20emission%20limits%20through%20in%20situ%20measurements%20of%20the%20plume%20exhaust.%20The%20quality%20and%20uncertainty%20of%20the%20measurements%20demonstrate%20that%20it%20is%20likely%20to%20achieve%20an%20effective%20compliance%20monitoring%20of%20the%20NOx%20emission%20standards%20on%20the%20sea.%20Those%20emission%20standards%20are%20further%20divided%20into%20four%20tiers%20depending%20on%20the%20keel%20laying%20date.%20As%20has%20been%20proved%20by%20the%20results%2C%20NOx%20emissions%20for%20Tier%20II%20OGVs%2C%20contrary%20to%20what%20might%20be%20expected%2C%20are%20on%20average%20higher%20than%20those%20for%20Tier%20I%20OGVs.%20What%20is%20even%20more%20problematic%2C%20Tier%20II%20OGVs%20have%20also%20more%20often%20been%20found%20to%20be%20non-compliant%20than%20Tier%20I%20OGVs.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-09-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101518%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1309104222002008%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221309-1042%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-01-12T13%3A22%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RJ62EQYD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVan%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Schallier%2C%20R.%2C%20Van%20Roozendael%2C%20B.%2C%20Scheldeman%2C%20K.%2C%20Van%20Nieuwenhove%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Maes%2C%20F.%20%282022%29.%20Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20sulfur%20emission%20regulations%20by%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%20area.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAtmospheric%20Pollution%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20101445.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101445%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101445%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Airborne%20monitoring%20of%20compliance%20to%20sulfur%20emission%20regulations%20by%20ocean-going%20vessels%20in%20the%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%20area%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Benjamin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roozendael%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kobe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scheldeman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annelore%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Nieuwenhove%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Air%20pollution%20from%20fossil%20fuel%20powered%20ocean-going%20vessels%20%28OGVs%29%20is%20responsible%20for%20various%20environmental%20and%20human%20health%20issues%20worldwide.%20Specifically%20for%20sulfur%20oxides%20%28SOx%29%2C%20from%202010%20onwards%2C%20stricter%20standards%20came%20into%20force%20regarding%20the%20maximum%20allowable%20fuel%20sulfur%20content%20%28FSC%29%20in%20marine%20fuels%20in%20the%20European%20Sulfur%20Emission%20Control%20Area%20%28SECA%29.%20A%20method%20was%20developed%20for%20the%20airborne%20monitoring%20of%20OGVs%20to%20evaluate%20their%20compliance%20by%20equipping%20the%20Belgian%20coastguard%20aircraft%20with%20a%20sniffer%20sensor.%20The%20sensor%20allows%20a%20highly%20accurate%20FSC%20determination%20based%20on%20real-time%20CO2%20and%20SO2%20measurements%20in%20the%20smoke%20plume%20of%20OGVs.%20For%205%20years%20the%20aircraft%20collected%20the%20largest%20set%20of%20airborne%20emission%20measurement%20data%20from%20OGVs%20as%20of%20today.%20This%20article%20demonstrates%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20reliability%20of%20the%20airborne%20monitoring%20methodology%20in%20an%20operational%20setup%20for%20targeting%20ship%20inspections%20in%20ports%20and%20a%20more%20efficient%20impact%20monitoring%20of%20shipping%20on%20air%20quality.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-06-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.apr.2022.101445%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1309104222001295%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221309-1042%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A20%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HG88DL5M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schallier%20and%20Van%20Roy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSchallier%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Van%20Roy%2C%20W.%20%282016%29.%20Oil%20Pollution%20In%20and%20Around%20the%20Waters%20of%20Belgium.%20In%20A.%20Carpenter%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BOil%20Pollution%20in%20the%20North%20Sea%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%28pp.%2093%26%23x2013%3B115%29.%20Springer%20International%20Publishing.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F698_2014_330%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F698_2014_330%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Oil%20Pollution%20In%20and%20Around%20the%20Waters%20of%20Belgium%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carpenter%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Although%20the%20waters%20of%20Belgium%20only%20form%20a%20minor%20part%20of%20the%20North%20Sea%2C%20they%20contain%20some%20of%20the%20busiest%20shipping%20routes%20in%20the%20world%20with%20the%20Dover%20Strait%20and%20some%20of%20the%20biggest%20European%20ports%20in%20the%20immediate%20vicinity.%20It%20is%20therefore%20recognized%20as%20a%20key%20maritime%20risk%20area%2C%20also%20in%20terms%20of%20ship-source%20oil%20pollution.%20This%20chapter%20first%20discusses%20the%20significant%2C%20stepwise%20decrease%20of%20illegal%20oil%20discharges%20from%20ships%20in%20and%20around%20the%20waters%20of%20Belgium%20based%20on%20national%20aerial%20surveillance%20data%20since%201991%20but%20also%20gives%20indications%20as%20to%20why%20the%20ecological%20quality%20objectives%20have%20not%20yet%20been%20met%20despite%20this%20decline.%20It%20further%20gives%20an%20overview%20of%20the%20accidental%20oil%20pollution%20incidents%20in%20this%20key%20risk%20area%20over%20the%20last%2030%20years%20and%20reflects%20on%20the%20high%20level%20of%20accidental%20marine%20pollution%20risk.%20Finally%2C%20the%20various%20measures%20are%20discussed%20that%20have%20been%20and%20will%20be%20undertaken%20in%20terms%20of%20oil%20pollution%20prevention%2C%20enforcement%2C%20preparedness%20and%20response%20with%20the%20aim%20to%20%28further%29%20reduce%20the%20oil%20pollution%20pressure%20in%20this%20environmentally%20sensitive%20area.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Oil%20Pollution%20in%20the%20North%20Sea%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22originalDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPublisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-319-23901-9%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2F698_2014_330%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F698_2014_330%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A20%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PANTSETJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lagring%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-03-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLagring%2C%20R.%2C%20Degraer%2C%20S.%2C%20de%20Montpellier%2C%20G.%2C%20Jacques%2C%20T.%2C%20Van%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Schallier%2C%20R.%20%282012%29.%20Twenty%20years%20of%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%20aerial%20surveillance%3A%20A%20quantitative%20analysis%20of%20results%20confirms%20effectiveness%20of%20international%20oil%20pollution%20legislation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMarine%20Pollution%20Bulletin%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B64%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20644%26%23x2013%3B652.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2011.11.029%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2011.11.029%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Twenty%20years%20of%20Belgian%20North%20Sea%20aerial%20surveillance%3A%20A%20quantitative%20analysis%20of%20results%20confirms%20effectiveness%20of%20international%20oil%20pollution%20legislation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lagring%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Degraer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G%5Cu00e9raldine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Montpellier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thierry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacques%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ronny%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallier%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Over%20the%20years%20many%20policy%20measures%20have%20been%20taken%20to%20prevent%20illegal%20oil%20discharges%20from%20ships%2C%20like%20the%20MARPOL%2073%5C%2F78%20Convention%20%281983%29%20and%20the%20Bonn%20Agreement%20%281969%5C%2F1983%29.%20However%2C%20the%20number%20of%20discharges%20remained%20high%2C%20leading%20to%20chronic%20oiling%20of%20seabirds%20and%20sensitive%20coastlines%2C%20therefore%20further%20measures%20were%20taken.%20The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20quantify%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20two%20key%20legislative%20regulations%3A%20the%20IMO-designation%20of%20the%20North%20Sea%20as%20MARPOL%20Special%20Area%20which%20took%20effect%20in%201999%2C%20and%20the%20adoption%20of%20the%20EU%20Directive%20on%20Port%20Reception%20Facilities%20in%202000.%20Under%20study%20is%20the%20heavily%20navigated%20Belgian%20Surveillance%20Area%2C%20monitored%20since%201991%2C%20characterised%20by%20shallow%20waters%20with%20ecologically%20important%20sandbanks.%20The%20aerial%20surveillance%20data%20from%201991%20to%202010%20show%20a%20stepwise%20decrease%20in%20ship-source%20oil%20pollution.%20Three%20time%20periods%20can%20be%20distinguished%20with%20two%20turning%20points%20coinciding%20with%20the%20actual%20implementation%20of%20these%20key%20legislative%20measures%2C%20confirming%20their%20effectiveness.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012-03-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marpolbul.2011.11.029%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0025326X11006217%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220025-326X%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-16T13%3A20%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2285GHLYTZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Degraer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BDegraer%2C%20S.%2C%20Brabant%2C%20R.%2C%20Coates%2C%20D.%2C%20Courtens%2C%20W.%2C%20Derweduwen%2C%20D.%2C%20Haelters%2C%20J.%2C%20Hostens%2C%20K.%2C%20Houziaux%2C%20J.-S.%2C%20Kerckhof%2C%20F.%2C%20Norro%2C%20A.%2C%20Onkelinx%2C%20T.%2C%20Rumes%2C%20B.%2C%20Stienen%2C%20E.%2C%20Vanaverbeke%2C%20J.%2C%20Vandendriessche%2C%20S.%2C%20Van%20de%20walle%2C%20M.%2C%20Van%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Vanermen%2C%20N.%2C%20Verschelde%2C%20P.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Willems%2C%20T.%20%282012%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BExecutive%20Summary.%20In%20Degraer%20S.%2C%20Brabant%20R.%2C%20Rumes%20B.%2C%20%28Eds.%29%2C%202012.%20Offshore%20wind%20farms%20in%20the%20Belgian%20part%20of%20the%20North%20Sea%3A%20Heading%20for%20an%20understanding%20of%20environmental%20impacts.pp.%201-8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Royal%20Belgian%20Institute%20of%20Natural%20Sciences.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22report%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Executive%20Summary.%20In%20Degraer%20S.%2C%20Brabant%20R.%2C%20Rumes%20B.%2C%20%28Eds.%29%2C%202012.%20Offshore%20wind%20farms%20in%20the%20Belgian%20part%20of%20the%20North%20Sea%3A%20Heading%20for%20an%20understanding%20of%20environmental%20impacts.pp.%201-8%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Degraer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brabant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Delphine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Courtens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derweduwen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haelters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hostens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J-S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Houziaux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kerckhof%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alain%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Norro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Onkelinx%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bob%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rumes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eric%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stienen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vanaverbeke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vandendriessche%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20de%20walle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ward%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicolas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vanermen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verschelde%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verstraete%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laurence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vigin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vincx%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willems%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22reportType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22institution%22%3A%22Royal%20Belgian%20Institute%20of%20Natural%20Sciences%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-04-22T08%3A27%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2247W3GCN7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7444217%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haelters%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHaelters%2C%20J.%2C%20Van%20Roy%2C%20W.%2C%20Vigin%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Degraer%2C%20S.%20%282012%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20effect%20of%20pile%20driving%20on%20harbour%20porpoises%20in%20Belgian%20waters.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20KBIN.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20effect%20of%20pile%20driving%20on%20harbour%20porpoises%20in%20Belgian%20waters.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haelters%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Van%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vigin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Degraer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22IN%20%3A%20S.Degraer%2C%20R.%20Brabant%20%26amp%3B%20B.%20Rumes%20%28Eds%29.%20Offshore%20windfarms%20in%20the%20Belgian%20part%20of%20the%20North%20Sea%3A%20heading%20for%20an%20understanding%20of%20environmental%20impacts.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22originalDate%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPublisher%22%3A%22%22%2C%22originalPlace%22%3A%22%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XGHL5S55%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-04-22T08%3A27%3A29Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D

Van Roy, W., Merveille, J.-B., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Scheldeman, K., & Maes, F. (2024). Policy recommendations for international regulations addressing air pollution from ships. Marine Policy, 159, 105913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913

Van Roy, W., Scheldeman, K., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Merveille, J.-B., Schallier, R., & Maes, F. (2023). Current progress in developing a MARPOL Annex VI enforcement strategy in the Bonn Agreement through remote measurements. Marine Policy, 158, 105882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105882

Riess, T. C. V. W., Boersma, K. F., Van Roy, W., de Laat, J., Dammers, E., & van Vliet, J. (2023). To new heights by flying low: comparison of aircraft vertical NO₂ profiles to model simulations and implications for TROPOMI NO₂ retrievals. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 16(21), 5287–5304. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-5287-2023

Van Roy, W., Van Roozendael, B., Vigin, L., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Scheldeman, K., Merveille, J.-B., Weigelt, A., Mellqvist, J., Van Vliet, J., van Dinther, D., Beecken, J., Tack, F., Theys, N., & Maes, F. (2023). International maritime regulation decreases sulfur dioxide but increases nitrogen oxide emissions in the North and Baltic Sea. Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), 391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01050-7

Van Roy, W., Merveille, J.-B., Scheldeman, K., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Schallier, R., Van Roozendael, B., & Maes, F. (2023). Assessment of the Effect of International Maritime Regulations on Air Quality in the Southern North Sea. Atmosphere, 14(6), 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060969

Van Roy, W., Merveille, J.-B., Scheldeman, K., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Van Roozendael, B., Schallier, R., & Maes, F. (2023). The Role of Belgian Airborne Sniffer Measurements in the MARPOL Annex VI Enforcement Chain. Atmosphere, 14(4), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040623

Van Roy, W., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Scheldeman, K., Van Roozendael, B., Schallier, R., Mellqvist, J., & Maes, F. (2022). Measurement of Sulfur-Dioxide Emissions from Ocean-Going Vessels in Belgium Using Novel Techniques. Atmosphere, 13(11), 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111756

Van Roy, W., Scheldeman, K., Van Roozendael, B., Van Nieuwenhove, A., Schallier, R., Vigin, L., & Maes, F. (2022). Airborne monitoring of compliance to NOx emission regulations from ocean-going vessels in the Belgian North Sea. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(9), 101518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101518

Van Roy, W., Schallier, R., Van Roozendael, B., Scheldeman, K., Van Nieuwenhove, A., & Maes, F. (2022). Airborne monitoring of compliance to sulfur emission regulations by ocean-going vessels in the Belgian North Sea area. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(6), 101445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101445

Schallier, R., & Van Roy, W. (2016). Oil Pollution In and Around the Waters of Belgium. In A. Carpenter (Ed.), Oil Pollution in the North Sea (pp. 93–115). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_330

Lagring, R., Degraer, S., de Montpellier, G., Jacques, T., Van Roy, W., & Schallier, R. (2012). Twenty years of Belgian North Sea aerial surveillance: A quantitative analysis of results confirms effectiveness of international oil pollution legislation. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(3), 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.029

Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Coates, D., Courtens, W., Derweduwen, D., Haelters, J., Hostens, K., Houziaux, J.-S., Kerckhof, F., Norro, A., Onkelinx, T., Rumes, B., Stienen, E., Vanaverbeke, J., Vandendriessche, S., Van de walle, M., Van Roy, W., Vanermen, N., Verschelde, P., … Willems, T. (2012). Executive Summary. In Degraer S., Brabant R., Rumes B., (Eds.), 2012. Offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Heading for an understanding of environmental impacts.pp. 1-8. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.

Haelters, J., Van Roy, W., Vigin, L., & Degraer, S. (2012). The effect of pile driving on harbour porpoises in Belgian waters. KBIN.

Cookie	Duration	Description
cookielawinfo-checbox-analytics	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics".
cookielawinfo-checbox-functional	11 months	The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".
cookielawinfo-checbox-others	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance	11 months	This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance".
viewed_cookie_policy	11 months	The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.